Training tom cats for semen collection using an artificial vagina: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Owing to the lack of literature on training cats to use an artificial vagina (AV), we performed a retrospective study on the success of training tom cats for semen collection using an AV. METHODS: Records from training 20 cats (2009 until 2019) for semen collection using AVs were analyzed. Sexual preferences, behavior towards humans, queens and other tom cats, as well as libido, number of training sessions and rate of success were observed. Data are presented as percentages and the results are described subjectively. RESULTS: In 85% of tom cats, collection using an AV was performed successfully. Training was unsuccessful when libido was low or absent. Behavior towards humans did not interfere with the success rate, while libido did. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Most tom cats can be successfully trained to have semen collected using an AV; the number of training sessions required depends on the male's libido and the technician's experience.

The seasonal and ovarian status effects on in vitro production of domestic cat embryos between Equator and Tropic of Capricorn / Efeitos da sazonalidade e da condição ovariana sobre a produção in vitro de embriões de gatos domésticos em uma região entre o Equador e o Trópico de Capricórnio

From the Tropic of Capricorn to Equator, the seasonality of domestic cat is known to be absent, i.e., these animals are considered non-seasonal breeders at these regions. We hypothesized that this particularity might have some influence on in vitro embryo production. The aim of this experiment was to determine the percentage of cleavage and morulae and blastocyst formation produced from oocytes recovered from queen ovaries of three distinct status - follicular, luteal or inactive - during two different reproductive seasons experienced by cats in southeast of Brazil (22°53'09" S and 48°26'42" W) - non breeding season (NBS), comprehending January to March; and breeding season (BS), August to October. Thirty queens were neutered. [...] During NBS, from a total of 272 (inactive), 162 (luteal) and 134 (follicular) fertilized oocytes, the percentage of cleaved zygotes, morulae and blastocysts derived from inactive ovaries were 24.63, 16.54 and 8.09 respectively; for those derived from luteal ovaries, the percentage was 21.6, 12.96 and 8.64, and for those from follicular ovaries, they were 24.62, 16.41 and 8.21. Considering BS, from a total of 102 (inactive), 198 (luteal) and 86 (follicular) fertilized oocytes, the relative frequency (%) of cleaved zygotes, morulae and blastocysts derived from inactive ovaries were 64.7, 41.17 and 23.53 respectively; for those derived from luteal ovaries, the percentage was 64.14, 40.41 and 23.73, and for those from follicular ovaries, they were 63.95, 39.54 and 24.41. The results of this experiment demonstrate that no statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was verified in the frequency of cleaved embryos and morulae and blastocyst formation when comparing the three ovarian conditions in the same season. However the breeding season presented better results considering cleavage and morulae and blastocyst formation.

Do Trópico de Capricórnio ao Equador, sabe-se que a sazonalidade no gato domestico é ausente, i.e., estes animais são considerados reprodutores não sazonais nestas regiões. [...] O objetivo deste experimento foi determinar a porcentagem de clivagem e formação de mórulas e blastocistos produzidos a partir de oócitos recuperados de ovários de gatas em três condições - folicular, lútea ou inativa - durante duas estações reprodutivas pelas quais gatas passam na região sudeste do Brasil (22°53'09" S e 48°26'42" O) - estação não reprodutiva (ENR), que compreende os meses de janeiro a março; e estação reprodutiva (ER), agosto à outubro. Trinta gatas foram castradas. [...] Durante a ENR, de um total de 272 (inativo), 162 (lútea) e 134 (folicular) oócitos fertilizados, a porcentagem de clivagem de zigotos, formação de mórulas e de blastocistos derivados de ovários inativos foi 24,63, 16,54 e 8,09 respectivamente; para aqueles oriundos de ovários na condição lútea, a porcentagem foi de 21,6, 12,96 e 8,64, e para aqueles provenientes de ovários na fase folicular, foi de 24,62, 16,41 e 8,21. Considerando a ER, de um total de 102 (inativo), 198 (lútea) e 86 (folicular) oócitos fertilizados, a frequência relativa (%) de zigotos clivados, mórulas e blastocistos derivados de ovários na condição inativa foi de 64,7, 41,17 e 23,53 respectivamente; para aqueles oriundos de ovários na condição lútea, a porcentagem foi de 64,14, 40,41 e 23,73, e para aqueles provenientes de ovários na fase folicular, foi de 63,95, 39,54 e 24,41. Os resultados deste experimento demonstraram que não houve diferença estatística significante (P < 0.05) na frequência de embriões clivados e na formação de mórulas e blastocistos quando comparadas as três condições ovarianas dentro da mesma estação. Entretanto, a ER apresentou resultados melhores considerando as taxas de clivagem e formação de mórula e de blastocisto se comparada à ENR.

Cryoprotective effect of different glycerol concentrations on domestic cat spermatozoa.

Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is a pivotal tool in assisted reproduction, and studies aiming to establish optimal freezing/thawing protocols are essential to enhance sperm survival. The objectives of the present study were to (1) compare the cryoprotective efficiency of three different glycerol concentrations (3%, 5%, and 7%) on the basis of post-thaw sperm quality and (2) investigate whether the incidence of morphologically abnormal sperm in fresh samples is related to cryodamage sensitivity. Semen was collected from six tomcats using an artificial vagina (total 18 ejaculates). Each ejaculate was diluted using Tris-egg yolk-based extender (TEY), evaluated, equally divided into three aliquots, and rediluted using TEY with and without glycerol to achieve final concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7%. Samples were loaded into 0.25 mL straws, equilibrated for 60 minutes at 5 °C, frozen, and then thawed at 46 °C for 12 seconds. Fresh and frozen-thawed samples were evaluated for sperm motion parameters (computer-assisted sperm analysis), plasma membrane integrity (PMI; propidium iodide and carboxyfluorescein diacetate), and DNA integrity (acridine orange). Plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity were assessed by flow cytometry (propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated pea (Pisum sativum) agglutinin) immediately after thawing. Sperm motion parameters were also evaluated at 30 and 60 minutes of postincubation. For all treatment groups, cryopreservation significantly impaired the PMI and sperm motion parameters, except for straightness and amplitude of lateral head displacement. DNA integrity showed a slight reduction (P < 0.05) when 3% glycerol was used. The percentage of total motility, progressive motility, and rapid spermatozoa were significantly lower immediately after thawing and up to 60 minutes of incubation for the 3% glycerol group when compared with 5% and 7%. No difference (P > 0.05) was found for PMI, acrosome integrity, and DNA integrity among post-thaw groups. However, higher (P < 0.05) incidence of viable cells with reacted acrosome and dead cells with intact acrosome were observed with 7% and 3% glycerol, respectively. Percentage of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa in fresh sample was positively correlated with PMI only in the 3% glycerol group and negatively correlated with sperm motility in the 5% and 7% groups. In conclusion, the final concentration of 5% glycerol offered better cryoprotective effect for ejaculated cat sperm, and the relationship found between prefreezing sperm morphology and post-thaw sperm quality showed to be dependent on final glycerol concentration.

Prognostic value of canine frozen-thawed semen parameters on in vitro sperm-oocyte interactions.

Combining the data from conventional semen analysis with oocyte penetration assays should improve the assessment of the fertilizing ability of a semen sample. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic value of various semen parameters on the in vitro interactions between frozen-thawed canine sperm and homologous oocytes. Ten ejaculates from five stud dogs (two ejaculates/dog) were collected by digital manipulation. Semen samples were evaluated, extended in Tris-egg yolk-glycerol, frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen, and thawed several weeks later. Samples were evaluated for motility and sperm populations by computer-aided semen analysis (CASA), plasma membrane integrity (carboxy-fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide), and sperm morphology (Bengal Rose). Thawed spermatozoa were also incubated with homologous oocytes for 18 h in an atmosphere of 5% CO(2) and 95% air at 38 degrees C and sperm-oocyte interactions were evaluated. Simple linear regression models were calculated, with sperm parameters as independent variables and sperm-oocyte interactions as the dependent variable. There were significant associations between: percentage of oocytes bound to spermatozoa and beat cross frequency (BCF; R(2)=63%); percentage of oocytes that interacted with spermatozoa and BCF (R(2)=73%); and number of penetrated spermatozoa and velocity average pathway (VAP; R(2)=64%) and velocity straight line (VSL; R(2)=64%). Although plasma membrane integrity and sperm morphology had little prognostic value for in vitro interactions between canine frozen-thawed sperm and homologous oocytes, some motility patterns (evaluated by CASA) were predictive of in vitro sperm-oocyte interactions.